# Unit Testing
*Unit testing* means testing components of a program in isolation from each other to make sure every
part works on its own before using it with others. Extensive testing helps avoid new updates causing
unexpected side effects as well as alleviates general code rot (a more comprehensive wikipedia
article on unit testing can be found [here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_test)).
A typical unit test set calls some function or method with a given input, looks at the result and
makes sure that this result looks as expected. Rather than having lots of stand-alone test programs,
Evennia makes use of a central *test runner*. This is a program that gathers all available tests all
over the Evennia source code (called *test suites*) and runs them all in one go. Errors and
tracebacks are reported.
By default Evennia only tests itself. But you can also add your own tests to your game code and have
Evennia run those for you.
## Running the Evennia test suite
To run the full Evennia test suite, go to your game folder and issue the command
evennia test evennia
This will run all the evennia tests using the default settings. You could also run only a subset of
all tests by specifying a subpackage of the library:
evennia test evennia.commands.default
A temporary database will be instantiated to manage the tests. If everything works out you will see
how many tests were run and how long it took. If something went wrong you will get error messages.
If you contribute to Evennia, this is a useful sanity check to see you haven't introduced an
unexpected bug.
## Running tests with custom settings file
If you have implemented your own tests for your game (see below) you can run them from your game dir
with
evennia test .
The period (`.`) means to run all tests found in the current directory and all subdirectories. You
could also specify, say, `typeclasses` or `world` if you wanted to just run tests in those subdirs.
Those tests will all be run using the default settings. To run the tests with your own settings file
you must use the `--settings` option:
evennia test --settings settings.py .
The `--settings` option of Evennia takes a file name in the `mygame/server/conf` folder. It is
normally used to swap settings files for testing and development. In combination with `test`, it
forces Evennia to use this settings file over the default one.
## Writing new tests
Evennia's test suite makes use of Django unit test system, which in turn relies on Python's
*unittest* module.
> If you want to help out writing unittests for Evennia, take a look at Evennia's [coveralls.io page](https://coveralls.io/github/evennia/evennia). There you see which modules have any form of
test coverage and which does not.
To make the test runner find the tests, they must be put in a module named `test*.py` (so `test.py`,
`tests.py` etc). Such a test module will be found wherever it is in the package. It can be a good
idea to look at some of Evennia's `tests.py` modules to see how they look.
Inside a testing file, a `unittest.TestCase` class is used to test a single aspect or component in
various ways. Each test case contains one or more *test methods* - these define the actual tests to
run. You can name the test methods anything you want as long as the name starts with "`test_`".
Your `TestCase` class can also have a method `setUp(self):`. This is run before each test, setting
up and storing whatever preparations the test methods need. Conversely, a `tearDown(self):` method
can optionally do cleanup after each test.
To test the results, you use special methods of the `TestCase` class. Many of those start with
"`assert`", such as `assertEqual` or `assertTrue`.
Example of a `TestCase` class:
```python
import unittest
# the function we want to test
from mypath import myfunc
class TestObj(unittest.TestCase):
"This tests a function myfunc."
def test_return_value(self):
"test method. Makes sure return value is as expected."
expected_return = "This is me being nice."
actual_return = myfunc()
# test
self.assertEqual(expected_return, actual_return)
def test_alternative_call(self):
"test method. Calls with a keyword argument."
expected_return = "This is me being baaaad."
actual_return = myfunc(bad=True)
# test
self.assertEqual(expected_return, actual_return)
```
You might also want to read the [documentation for the unittest module](http://docs.python.org/library/unittest.html).
### Using the EvenniaTest class
Evennia offers a custom TestCase, the `evennia.utils.test_resources.EvenniaTest` class. This class
initiates a range of useful properties on themselves for testing Evennia systems. Examples are
`.account` and `.session` representing a mock connected Account and its Session and `.char1` and
`.char2` representing Characters complete with a location in the test database. These are all useful
when testing Evennia system requiring any of the default Evennia typeclasses as inputs. See the full
definition of the `EvenniaTest` class in [evennia/utils/test_resources.py](https://github.com/evennia/evennia/blob/master/evennia/utils/test_resources.py).
```python
# in a test module
from evennia.utils.test_resources import EvenniaTest
class TestObject(EvenniaTest):
def test_object_search(self):
# char1 and char2 are both created in room1
self.assertEqual(self.char1.search(self.char2.key), self.char2)
self.assertEqual(self.char1.search(self.char1.location.key), self.char1.location)
# ...
```
### Testing in-game Commands
In-game Commands are a special case. Tests for the default commands are put in
`evennia/commands/default/tests.py`. This uses a custom `CommandTest` class that inherits from
`evennia.utils.test_resources.EvenniaTest` described above. `CommandTest` supplies extra convenience
functions for executing commands and check that their return values (calls of `msg()` returns
expected values. It uses Characters and Sessions generated on the `EvenniaTest` class to call each
class).
Each command tested should have its own `TestCase` class. Inherit this class from the `CommandTest`
class in the same module to get access to the command-specific utilities mentioned.
```python
from evennia.commands.default.tests import CommandTest
from evennia.commands.default import general
class TestSet(CommandTest):
"tests the look command by simple call, using Char2 as a target"
def test_mycmd_char(self):
self.call(general.CmdLook(), "Char2", "Char2(#7)")
"tests the look command by simple call, with target as room"
def test_mycmd_room(self):
self.call(general.CmdLook(), "Room",
"Room(#1)\nroom_desc\nExits: out(#3)\n"
"You see: Obj(#4), Obj2(#5), Char2(#7)")
```
### Unit testing contribs with custom models
A special case is if you were to create a contribution to go to the `evennia/contrib` folder that
uses its [own database models](./New-Models.md). The problem with this is that Evennia (and Django) will
only recognize models in `settings.INSTALLED_APPS`. If a user wants to use your contrib, they will
be required to add your models to their settings file. But since contribs are optional you cannot
add the model to Evennia's central `settings_default.py` file - this would always create your
optional models regardless of if the user wants them. But at the same time a contribution is a part
of the Evennia distribution and its unit tests should be run with all other Evennia tests using
`evennia test evennia`.
The way to do this is to only temporarily add your models to the `INSTALLED_APPS` directory when the
test runs. here is an example of how to do it.
> Note that this solution, derived from this [stackexchange answer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/502916/django-how-to-create-a-model-dynamically-just-for-testing#503435) is currently untested! Please report your findings.
```python
# a file contrib/mycontrib/tests.py
from django.conf import settings
import django
from evennia.utils.test_resources import EvenniaTest
OLD_DEFAULT_SETTINGS = settings.INSTALLED_APPS
DEFAULT_SETTINGS = dict(
INSTALLED_APPS=(
'contrib.mycontrib.tests',
),
DATABASES={
"default": {
"ENGINE": "django.db.backends.sqlite3"
}
},
SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=["1_7.W001"],
)
class TestMyModel(EvenniaTest):
def setUp(self):
if not settings.configured:
settings.configure(**DEFAULT_SETTINGS)
django.setup()
from django.core.management import call_command
from django.db.models import loading
loading.cache.loaded = False
call_command('syncdb', verbosity=0)
def tearDown(self):
settings.configure(**OLD_DEFAULT_SETTINGS)
django.setup()
from django.core.management import call_command
from django.db.models import loading
loading.cache.loaded = False
call_command('syncdb', verbosity=0)
# test cases below ...
def test_case(self):
# test case here
```
### A note on adding new tests
Having an extensive tests suite is very important for avoiding code degradation as Evennia is
developed. Only a small fraction of the Evennia codebase is covered by test suites at this point.
Writing new tests is not hard, it's more a matter of finding the time to do so. So adding new tests
is really an area where everyone can contribute, also with only limited Python skills.
### A note on making the test runner faster
If you have custom models with a large number of migrations, creating the test database can take a
very long time. If you don't require migrations to run for your tests, you can disable them with the
django-test-without-migrations package. To install it, simply:
```
$ pip install django-test-without-migrations
```
Then add it to your `INSTALLED_APPS` in your `server.conf.settings.py`:
```python
INSTALLED_APPS = (
# ...
'test_without_migrations',
)
```
After doing so, you can then run tests without migrations by adding the `--nomigrations` argument:
```
evennia test --settings settings.py --nomigrations .
```
## Testing for Game development (mini-tutorial)
Unit testing can be of paramount importance to game developers. When starting with a new game, it is
recommended to look into unit testing as soon as possible; an already huge game is much harder to
write tests for. The benefits of testing a game aren't different from the ones regarding library
testing. For example it is easy to introduce bugs that affect previously working code. Testing is
there to ensure your project behaves the way it should and continue to do so.
If you have never used unit testing (with Python or another language), you might want to check the
[official Python documentation about unit testing](https://docs.python.org/2/library/unittest.html),
particularly the first section dedicated to a basic example.
### Basic testing using Evennia
Evennia's test runner can be used to launch tests in your game directory (let's call it 'mygame').
Evennia's test runner does a few useful things beyond the normal Python unittest module:
* It creates and sets up an empty database, with some useful objects (accounts, characters and
rooms, among others).
* It provides simple ways to test commands, which can be somewhat tricky at times, if not tested
properly.
Therefore, you should use the command-line to execute the test runner, while specifying your own
game directories (not the one containing evennia). Go to your game directory (referred as 'mygame'
in this section) and execute the test runner:
evennia test --settings settings.py commands
This command will execute Evennia's test runner using your own settings file. It will set up a dummy
database of your choice and look into the 'commands' package defined in your game directory
(`mygame/commands` in this example) to find tests. The test module's name should begin with 'test'
and contain one or more `TestCase`. A full example can be found below.
### A simple example
In your game directory, go to `commands` and create a new file `tests.py` inside (it could be named
anything starting with `test`). We will start by making a test that has nothing to do with Commands,
just to show how unit testing works:
```python
# mygame/commands/tests.py
import unittest
class TestString(unittest.TestCase):
"""Unittest for strings (just a basic example)."""
def test_upper(self):
"""Test the upper() str method."""
self.assertEqual('foo'.upper(), 'FOO')
```
This example, inspired from the Python documentation, is used to test the 'upper()' method of the
'str' class. Not very useful, but it should give you a basic idea of how tests are used.
Let's execute that test to see if it works.
> evennia test --settings settings.py commands
TESTING: Using specified settings file 'server.conf.settings'.
(Obs: Evennia's full test suite may not pass if the settings are very
different from the default. Use 'test .' as arguments to run only tests
on the game dir.)
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s
OK
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
We specified the `commands` package to the evennia test command since that's where we put our test
file. In this case we could just as well just said `.` to search all of `mygame` for testing files.
If we have a lot of tests it may be useful to test only a single set at a time though. We get an
information text telling us we are using our custom settings file (instead of Evennia's default
file) and then the test runs. The test passes! Change the "FOO" string to something else in the test
to see how it looks when it fails.
### Testing commands
This section will test the proper execution of the 'abilities' command, as described in the
[First Steps Coding](./First-Steps-Coding.md) page. Follow this tutorial to create the 'abilities' command, we
will need it to test it.
Testing commands in Evennia is a bit more complex than the simple testing example we have seen.
Luckily, Evennia supplies a special test class to do just that ... we just need to inherit from it
and use it properly. This class is called 'CommandTest' and is defined in the
'evennia.commands.default.tests' package. To create a test for our 'abilities' command, we just
need to create a class that inherits from 'CommandTest' and add methods.
We could create a new test file for this but for now we just append to the `tests.py` file we
already have in `commands` from before.
```python
# bottom of mygame/commands/tests.py
from evennia.commands.default.tests import CommandTest
from commands.command import CmdAbilities
from typeclasses.characters import Character
class TestAbilities(CommandTest):
character_typeclass = Character
def test_simple(self):
self.call(CmdAbilities(), "", "STR: 5, AGI: 4, MAG: 2")
```
* Line 1-4: we do some importing. 'CommandTest' is going to be our base class for our test, so we
need it. We also import our command ('CmdAbilities' in this case). Finally we import the
'Character' typeclass. We need it, since 'CommandTest' doesn't use 'Character', but
'DefaultCharacter', which means the character calling the command won't have the abilities we have
written in the 'Character' typeclass.
* Line 6-8: that's the body of our test. Here, a single command is tested in an entire class.
Default commands are usually grouped by category in a single class. There is no rule, as long as
you know where you put your tests. Note that we set the 'character_typeclass' class attribute to
Character. As explained above, if you didn't do that, the system would create a 'DefaultCharacter'
object, not a 'Character'. You can try to remove line 4 and 8 to see what happens when running the
test.
* Line 10-11: our unique testing method. Note its name: it should begin by 'test_'. Apart from
that, the method is quite simple: it's an instance method (so it takes the 'self' argument) but no
other arguments are needed. Line 11 uses the 'call' method, which is defined in 'CommandTest'.
It's a useful method that compares a command against an expected result. It would be like comparing
two strings with 'assertEqual', but the 'call' method does more things, including testing the
command in a realistic way (calling its hooks in the right order, so you don't have to worry about
that).
Line 11 can be understood as: test the 'abilities' command (first parameter), with no argument
(second parameter), and check that the character using it receives his/her abilities (third
parameter).
Let's run our new test:
> evennia test --settings settings.py commands
[...]
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.156s
OK
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
Two tests were executed, since we have kept 'TestString' from last time. In case of failure, you
will get much more information to help you fix the bug.
### Testing Dynamic Output
Having read the unit test tutorial on [Testing commands](./Unit-Testing.md#testing-commands) we can see
the code expects static unchanging numbers. While very good for learning it is unlikely a project
will have nothing but static output to test. Here we are going to learn how to test against dynamic
output.<br>
This tutorial assumes you have a basic understanding of what regular expressions are. If you do not
I recommend reading the `Introduction` and `Simple Pattern` sections at
[Python regular expressions tutorial](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/regex.html). If you do plan on making a complete Evennia
project learning regular expressions will save a great deal of time.<br>
Append the code below to your `tests.py` file.<br>
```python
# bottom of mygame/commands/tests.py
class TestDynamicAbilities(CommandTest):
character_typeclass = Character
def test_simple(self):
cmd_abil_result = self.call(CmdAbilities(), "")
self.assertRegex(cmd_abil_result, "STR: \d+, AGI: \d+, MAG: \d+")
```
Noticed that we removed the test string from `self.call`. That method always returns the string it
found from the commands output. If we remove the string to test against, all `self.call` will do is
return the screen output from the command object passed to it.<br>
We are instead using the next line to test our command's output.
[assertRegex](https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertRegex) is a
method of `unittest.TestCase` this is inherited to `TestDynamicAbilities` from `CommandTest` who
inherited it from `EvenniaTest`.<br>
What we are doing is testing the result of the `CmdAbilities` method or command against a regular
expression pattern. In this case, `"STR: \d+, AGI: \d+, MAG: \d+"`. `\d` in regular expressions or
regex are digits (numbers), the `+` is to state we want 1 or more of that pattern. Together `\d+` is
telling [assertRegex](https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertRegex)
that in that position of the string we expect 1 or more digits (numbers) to appear in the
string.<br>